Improvement In Food Resources Class 9 Notes Science Ch 15
CBSE NCERT Class 9th Revision Notes Science contains Chapter 15 Improvement In Food Resources topics given in textbook are part of Revision Notes for Class
The Science Notes provide a comprehensive summary of the fundamental principles and themes presented in the NCERT TextBooks for Class 9th Science Revision Notes. This Chapter Notes encompasses detailed explanations of various topics and concepts, including Carbon, Oxygen, Water, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Soil. The Soil section is further divided into two categories: (i) Macro-nutrients, which consist of Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium, Calcium, and Sulphur, and (ii) Micro-nutrients, which include Iron, Manganese, Boron, Zinc, Copper, Molybdenum, and Chlorine.
Well prepared Class 9th Science all Chapters Notes will guidance students understand the topics ,concepts and themes covered in all the chapters of Ncert Text book of 9th
Improvement In Food Resources
Sustainable Agriculture
The adoption of various farming and production management techniques to maximize
agricultural yield.
1. Conserving natural resources
2.Maintaining environmental balance
3.Coping with changing human needs
Advantages of Sustainable agriculture
Sustainable agriculture is an agricultural production and distribution system that
• Achieves the integration of natural biological cycles and controls.
• Protects and renews soil fertility and the natural resource base.
• Optimizes the management and use of farm resources.
• Reduces the use of non-renewable resources and purchased production inputs.
• Provides an adequate and dependable form of income.
• Promotes opportunity in family farming and farm communities.
Organic Farming
It is the practice of raising crops which have not been polluted with the use of manures,
biofertilizers and biopesticides.
• It prevents pollution of any component of our environment.
• Farm wastes are recycled.
• The foods obtained from organic farming are free pesticides and toxic chemicals.
• Organic farming maintains the soil health.
• The cropping system of organic farming keeps insect pests and weeds under check.
Improvement of Crop Yield
Agriculture is the science and practice of farming, which mainly involves rearing of livestock,
cultivating land, raising crops, harvesting and marketing the produce.
Kharif Crops
• They are monsoon or rainy season crops.
• The crops grow in hot and wet conditions.
• These crops are sown in the beginning of rainy season in June – July.
• These crops are harvested during September – October at the end of Monsoon
Example: Rice, Maize, Groundnut, Soybean, Green gram, Cotton, Black gram.
Rabi Crops
• They are non-monsoon season crops.
• The crops grow in cold and nearly dry conditions.
• These crops are sown in October – November when monsoon is retreated.
• These crops are harvested in March-April before the advent of hot season.
Example: Wheat, Barley, Gram, Mustard, Linseed, Pea.
Improvement in Yields
Following three scientific approaches are adopted in India to obtain high yields from our
agriculture farms.
1.Crop Production Management
2.Crop Variety Management
3.Crop Protection Management
Crop Production Management
Crop production management refers to controlling the various aspects of crop production, to
obtain the maximum and best yield. It has the following three components.
1. Nutrient Management
2. Irrigation
3. Cropping Pattern
Nutrient Management
Controlling the selection, timing and amount of nutrient supply to the crops.
Source
Nutrients
Type
1. Air
Carbon (C), Oxygen (O)
Macronutrients (= 2)
2. Water
Hydrogen (H)
Macronutrients (= 1)
3. Soil
• Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P), Potassium (K),
Calcium (Ca), Magnesium (Mg), Sulphur (S)
• Iron (Fe), Manganese (Mn), Boron (B), Zinc
(Zn), Copper (Cu), Molybdenum (Mo),
Chlorine
(Cl)
Macronutrients (= 6)
Macronutrients (= 7)
Differences between Macronutrients and Micronutrients
Macronutrients
Micronutrients
1. They are required in large quantities.
1. They are required in very small amounts.
2. Concentration of each macronutrient in
2. Concentration of micronutrients is quite plants is more.
low
3. They take part in building plant body and
different protoplasmic structures.
3. They have no such functions.
4. Examples. Nitrogen, Phosphorous,
Potassium, Calcium, Magnesium, Sulphur.
4. Examples. Iron, Manganese, Boron, Zinc,
Copper, Molybdenum, Chlorine.
Manures and Fertilizers
The deficiency of plant nutrients and organic matter in the soil is made up by adding manures
and fertilizers to the soil of crop-fields.
Manures
• Manures are natural fertilizers.
• Manures are prepared by the decomposed animal excreta and plant waste. Manures
include farmyard manure (FYM), compost, green manures, vermicompost, etc.
Advantage of Manures
• Manures enrich the soil with nutrients.
• Manures add organic matter (called humus) to the soil which restores the soil texture, for
better retention of water and aeration of soil.
• The organic matter in manures provides food for the soil organisms, (decomposers such
as bacteria, fungi, etc.) which help in providing nutrients to plants.
Disadvantage of Manures
• Manures are bulky with low nutrient content. The nutrients get released slowly, unable to
fulfil the high and rapid demand of nutrients required by improved high-yielding hybrid
varieties of crops.
• Manures are not nutrient specific.
Types of Manures
1. Farmyard Manure (FYM): FYM is the decomposed mixture of cattle excreta, (dung),
urine, litter (i.e., bedding material used in night under cattle's) and left over organic
matter such as roughage, or fodder.
2. Compost: Compost is prepared from farm and town refuge such as vegetable and animal
refuse (e.g.,) excreta of domestic animals such as cattle, goat, sheep, horse, donkey, camel,
dogs, cats, etc.), faecal matter of human beings, sewage waste.
Method of Preparing Compost
Vermicomposting : The degradation of organic waste through the consumption by the earthworms is called Vermicomposting. An earthworm is physically an aerator, crusher
and mixer, chemically a degrader and biologically a stimulator of decomposition.
3. Green Manure: The practice of green manuring includes growing, mulching by ploughing
and mixing of green crops with soil, to improve physical structure and soil fertility. A
green manure crop supplies: (i) nitrogen and phosphorus; (ii) organic matter for
improving hydration, aeration and crumb structure of the soil. It tends to provide
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